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777 R 1250 C Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great was born in 356 BCE in Macedonia. His father, King Philip II, was a strong and smart leader. Alexander learned from the great philosopher Aristotle. He loved to read and think.
When his father died in 336 BCE, Alexander became king at age twenty. He wanted to expand his kingdo...
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818 R 1332 C Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was born in 100 BC in Rome. He was smart and ambitious. As a young man, he became a great general. He won many battles and made Rome stronger.
Caesar was also a strong politician. In 60 BC, he formed an alliance with two powerful leaders, Pompey and Crassus. This group was called th...
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737 R 1169 C Cleopatra
Cleopatra was born in 69 BCE in Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a Greek family that ruled Egypt. She became queen in 51 BCE at the age of eighteen. She ruled with her younger brother, but they did not get along. Later, she became the only ruler.
Cleopatra was very intelligent. S...
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607 R 909 C Confucius
Confucius was born in 551 BC in China. His Chinese name was Kong Fuzi. He grew up in a poor family but loved learning. As a young man, he studied history, music, and government. He wanted to help people live better lives.
When he became a teacher, many students followed him. He taught about respe...
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665 R 1025 C Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang was born in 259 BC in China. His real name was Ying Zheng. At the age of 13, he became the king of Qin, a small but strong kingdom. He wanted to unite all of China.
By 221 BC, Ying Zheng defeated six other kingdoms. He became the first emperor of China and called himself Qin Shi Hua...
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695 R 1086 C Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han was born in 156 BC in China. His real name was Liu Che. At the age of 16, he became the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He ruled for 54 years, making him one of China’s longest-ruling emperors.
Emperor Wu made China strong and rich. He expanded the empire by defeating enemies in t...
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645 R 986 C Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan was born in 1162 in Mongolia. His real name was Temujin. When he was young, his father was killed, and his family suffered. Temujin learned to be strong and smart.
As he grew up, he united Mongol tribes. In 1206, he became the leader of all Mongols and took the name Genghis Khan, whi...
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814 R 1323 C Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc was a young French girl who became a great hero during the Hundred Years’ War. She was born in 1412 in a small village called Domrémy. From a young age, she believed that God had chosen her to help France. At that time, England and France were fighting a long war over the French t...
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592 R 880 C Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Italy. He was one of the greatest minds of the Renaissance. He was a painter, scientist, engineer, and inventor. He loved to learn and explore new ideas.
Leonardo’s most famous painting is the Mona Lisa. People love her mysterious smile. Another famous work...
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679 R 1053 C Michelangelo
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in 1475 in Italy. He was one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance. He was a sculptor, painter, and architect. His work showed deep emotion and beauty.
As a child, Michelangelo loved drawing. He trained under a famous artist, Domenico Ghirlandaio. Later, he s...
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932 R 1560 C Martin Luther
Martin Luther was born in the year 1483 in Germany. He became a monk and later worked as a professor. He studied the Bible carefully and believed that faith was the most important part of salvation. At that time, the Catholic Church sold special papers called indulgences. These papers promised to fo...
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806 R 1307 C Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy. He loved learning and showed great talent in mathematics. His father wanted him to study medicine, but Galileo was more interested in how things moved.
One day, he watched a lamp swinging in a church. He noticed that it took the same time to swing ...
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756 R 1207 C Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was born in 1643 in England. As a child, he was very curious and loved building things. He made small machines, water clocks, and even a sundial.
When he grew up, Newton went to Cambridge University. There, he studied mathematics and science. One day, while sitting under an apple tre...
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775 R 1245 C Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy. As a boy, he loved the sea and dreamed of exploring the world. He became a sailor and later planned a great journey to find a new route to Asia.
At that time, people traveled to Asia by land or by sailing around Africa. Columbus believed he c...
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742 R 1179 C Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama was born in Portugal in 1460. As a young man, he loved the sea and wanted to explore new places. Portugal was a strong sea power, and its king, Manuel I, wanted to find a sea route to India.
At that time, Europeans traded with India for spices and silk. However, the usual route was ...
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828 R 1351 C Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica, France. As a young boy, he was smart and ambitious. He went to a military school and became a strong leader.
During the French Revolution (1789–1799), France changed from a monarchy to a republic. Napoleon fought in many battles ...
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685 R 1065 C George Washington
George Washington was born in 1732 in Virginia, which was part of the British colonies in America. As a young man, he worked as a land surveyor and later became a soldier. He was brave and smart, which helped him become a leader.
In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began. The American colonie...
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776 R 1248 C Karl Marx
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany. He was a brilliant thinker and studied philosophy, history, and economics. He believed that society was unfair because rich people controlled most of the wealth while poor workers suffered.
Marx thought that workers should unite and change society. In...
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711 R 1117 C Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria was born in 1819 in England. She became queen in 1837 when she was only 18 years old. She ruled Britain for 63 years, making her one of the longest-serving monarchs in history.
During her reign, the British Empire became the most powerful empire in the world. Britain controlled man...
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810 R 1316 C Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison was born in 1847 in Ohio, USA. He was curious and loved to learn new things. As a child, he often asked many questions. His mother taught him at home because his teachers thought he was too slow.
When he was a teenager, Edison worked as a newsboy on a train. He set up a small lab in...
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880 R 1456 C Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla was born in 1856 in Smiljan, a village in the Austrian Empire (now Croatia). From a young age, he was very intelligent and loved science. He had a great memory and could solve difficult math problems in his head.
Tesla studied engineering and dreamed of using electricity to help peop...
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644 R 984 C Socrates
Socrates was born in Athens around 470 BC. He is known as the father of Western philosophy because he helped shape the way people think about ethics and logic. Unlike other philosophers of his time, Socrates did not write books. Instead, he asked questions to help people discover the truth for thems...
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667 R 1029 C Plato
Plato was born in Athens around 427 BC. He was a student of Socrates and later became one of the most important philosophers in history. He wrote many books about philosophy, politics, and education. His most famous work is The Republic, where he described his idea of a perfect society.
Plato bel...
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678 R 1051 C Aristotle
Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Greece. He was a student of Plato and later became a teacher to Alexander the Great. He studied many subjects, including logic, science, ethics, and politics. His ideas helped form the foundation of Western philosophy.
Unlike Plato, who believed in perfect...
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654 R 1004 C Augustus
Augustus was born in 63 BC as Gaius Octavius. He was the adopted son of Julius Caesar and became Rome’s first emperor. His rule began the Pax Romana, a long period of peace in the Roman Empire.
After Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Augustus fought in a civil war against his rivals. He ...
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706 R 1108 C Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great was born in AD 272. He became the emperor of Rome and is famous for making Christianity legal. He also helped build the foundation of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Before Constantine, Christians were often persecuted in Rome. In AD 313, he issued the Edict of Milan, which gave r...
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689 R 1073 C Al-Khwarizmi
Al-Khwarizmi was born in the year 780 in Persia. He was a great mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. His most important work was in algebra, which became a key part of modern mathematics.
He wrote a book that explained how to solve different kinds of equations. In this book, he used the wor...
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929 R 1553 C Marco Polo
Marco Polo was born in 1254 in Venice, Italy. His father and uncle were merchants who traveled to faraway lands. When Marco was young, they went on a long journey to Asia. In 1271, Marco joined them on their next trip to China. He was only seventeen years old.
The journey was difficult. They cros...
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721 R 1138 C Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg was born around 1400 in Germany. He was a skilled craftsman and inventor who changed the way books were made. His most important invention was the movable metal type printing press, which made printing faster and cheaper.
Before Gutenberg, books were copied by hand or printed u...
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729 R 1154 C King Sejong the Great
King Sejong was born in 1397 and became the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea. He was a wise and kind ruler who helped improve Korean culture, science, and education. His most famous achievement was the creation of Hangul, the Korean alphabet.
Before Hangul, Koreans used Chinese characte...
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755 R 1205 C Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was born in 1473 in Poland. He was a great astronomer who changed the way people understood the universe. His most famous idea was the heliocentric theory, which said that the Sun, not the Earth, is at the center of the solar system.
Before Copernicus, most people believed in ...
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781 R 1258 C Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon was born in 1561 in England. He was a philosopher, scientist, and politician who helped develop the scientific method. His ideas changed how people studied nature and led to the growth of modern science.
Before Bacon, many scholars relied on ancient texts and logical reasoning inste...
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667 R 1030 C William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in England. He was a famous playwright, poet, and actor who wrote many great plays and poems. His works have influenced literature, theater, and the English language for over 400 years.
Shakespeare wrote tragedies, comedies, and historical plays. Some of his m...
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713 R 1122 C Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler was born in 1571 in Germany. He was a brilliant astronomer and mathematician who discovered the laws of planetary motion. His work helped explain how planets move around the Sun and supported the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus.
Before Kepler, many scientists believed t...
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649 R 993 C René Descartes
René Descartes was born in 1596 in France. He was a great philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who helped shape modern thinking. His ideas laid the foundation for modern philosophy and influenced many later thinkers.
Descartes is famous for his statement "Cogito, ergo sum", which means ...
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852 R 1399 C Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. As a young boy, he was interested in science and loved to ask questions about the world around him. He studied chemistry and became a scientist who made great discoveries in microbiology. His work helped save millions of lives.
One of his biggest contribu...
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833 R 1361 C Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in 1821 in Russia. From a young age, he was interested in literature and storytelling. He read many books and dreamed of becoming a writer. However, his life was full of struggles, and these hardships shaped his famous novels.
As a young man, Dostoevsky was arrested for...
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794 R 1284 C Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy was born in 1828 in Russia. He grew up in a noble family and received a good education, but he struggled with school and left university without finishing his studies. Despite this, he loved reading and thinking about life’s big questions. His experiences in war and family life later s...
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800 R 1296 C Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelm Röntgen was born in 1845 in Germany. He was a physicist who changed medicine forever. In 1895, he discovered X-rays, a special kind of invisible light that could pass through objects.
Before his discovery, doctors could not see inside a person’s body without surgery. They had to re...
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767 R 1229 C James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell was born in 1831 in Scotland. He was a brilliant physicist who changed the way we understand electricity and magnetism. His greatest achievement was the development of electromagnetic theory, which explains how electric and magnetic fields interact.
Before Maxwell, scientists ...
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685 R 1065 C Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Austria. He was a biologist and monk who discovered the basic laws of genetics. His experiments with pea plants helped scientists understand how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Before Mendel, people did not know why children looked like their parents...
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673 R 1042 C Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday was born in 1791 in England. He was one of the greatest scientists in history, despite having little formal education. His discoveries in electricity and magnetism became the foundation of modern technology.
Faraday’s most important discovery was electromagnetic induction. He fo...
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727 R 1149 C Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706 in the American colonies. He was a politician, inventor, and scientist who played a key role in the founding of the United States and in the study of electricity.
Franklin is best known for his famous kite experiment. In 1752, he flew a kite with a metal key dur...
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713 R 1122 C Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens was born in 1812 in England. He became one of the greatest writers in English literature. His novels showed the struggles of poor people and helped bring attention to social problems.
As a child, Dickens’ family was poor, and his father was sent to prison for debt. Because of th...
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699 R 1094 C Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo was born in 1802 in France. He became one of the most famous writers in French literature. His novels and poems often focused on justice, love, and the struggles of the poor.
His most famous book, Les Misérables, tells the story of Jean Valjean, a man who tries to rebuild his lif...
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831 R 1358 C Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 in Sweden. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor best known for creating dynamite. His invention changed construction and mining but was also used in war, which made him regret its impact. He held over 350 patents for various inventions throughout his life, including...
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751 R 1198 C Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in Germany. He became one of the greatest composers in history, transforming classical music and leading it into the Romantic era. His powerful and emotional music continues to inspire people worldwide.
Beethoven showed musical talent from a young age. His fa...
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685 R 1066 C Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach was born in 1685 in Germany. He was one of the greatest composers of the Baroque period and helped shape Western classical music. His works are known for their complexity, beauty, and deep emotion.
Bach came from a musical family and learned to play the violin, organ, and ha...
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752 R 1199 C Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born in 1749 in Germany. He was one of the greatest writers in German literature and made important contributions to poetry, drama, and philosophy. His most famous work, Faust, is considered one of the greatest masterpieces in world literature.
Goethe showed talent ...
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711 R 1118 C Henri Poincaré
Henri Poincaré was born in 1854 in France. He was a brilliant mathematician, physicist, and philosopher of science. His contributions to many fields, including topology, celestial mechanics, and relativity, made him one of the most influential scientists of his time.
Poincaré played a k...
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857 R 1410 C Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in 1777 in Germany. He was one of the greatest mathematicians in history and made major contributions to many fields, including algebra, number theory, geometry, and statistics. His discoveries laid the foundation for modern mathematics.
Gauss showed extraordinary ma...
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841 R 1378 C Pierre and Marie Curie
Pierre Curie (born in 1859) and Marie Curie (born in 1867) were a famous scientist couple who made groundbreaking discoveries in radioactivity. Their research led to the discovery of radium and polonium, changing the fields of physics, chemistry, and medicine forever.
Pierre was a physicist known...
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863 R 1422 C Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in Germany. He became one of the greatest scientists in history, changing the way we understand space, time, and energy. His Theory of Relativity revolutionized modern physics and led to many scientific and technological advancements.
As a child, Einstein was curi...
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815 R 1325 C Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was born in 1881 in Scotland. He was a biologist and doctor who made one of the greatest medical discoveries in history—the discovery of penicillin. His work led to the development of antibiotics, saving millions of lives.
Fleming worked as a scientist and studied bacteria...
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786 R 1267 C J. Robert Oppenheimer
J. Robert Oppenheimer was born in 1904 in the United States. He was a brilliant physicist and is best known as the leader of the Manhattan Project, the secret U.S. program that developed the first atomic bomb during World War II. His work changed the course of history and modern warfare.
Oppenhei...
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751 R 1198 C Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi was born in 1869 in India. He became one of the most influential leaders in history, leading India to independence from British rule through nonviolent resistance. His philosophy of truth and nonviolence inspired civil rights movements around the world.
Gandhi studied law in Englan...
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731 R 1157 C Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in South Africa. He became the most important leader in the fight against apartheid, a system of racial segregation that discriminated against Black South Africans. Through his courage and dedication, he helped bring democracy and equality to his country.
Mandela j...
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804 R 1303 C Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 in the United States. He was a Baptist pastor and the most famous leader of the American civil rights movement. Through nonviolent resistance, he fought for racial equality and justice, helping to end segregation in the U.S.
King was inspired by Mahatma Gan...
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